figlib_u3_gas samples (29)

Families: mbcurve, gasgraph, piston, realgas — spec JSON beside each figure.

mbcurve — PSM-070 pilot teaching figure (FIG-070-1)

Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution for N2 at 300 K with the most probable speed marked at 400 m/s, the high-speed tail arrowed, and the area under the curve shaded as the total number of particles.number of particles at each speedparticle speed (m/s)020040060080010001200N₂ at 300 Kmost probable speed — 400 m/shigh-speed taila few particles much faster than mostarea under curve = total number of particles
{
 "kind": "mbcurve",
 "curves": [
  {
   "label": "N₂ at 300 K",
   "vp": 400
  }
 ],
 "xmax": 1200,
 "xticks": [
  0,
  200,
  400,
  600,
  800,
  1000,
  1200
 ],
 "guides": [
  {
   "v": 400,
   "label": "most probable speed — 400 m/s"
  }
 ],
 "tail": {
  "label": "high-speed tail — a few particles much faster than most"
 },
 "shade": {
  "label": "area under curve = total number of particles"
 },
 "alt": "Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution for N2 at 300 K with the most probable speed marked at 400 m/s, the high-speed tail arrowed, and the area under the curve shaded as the total number of particles."
}

mbcurve — pilot fluency item (neon, answer-neutral guide)

Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution for neon at 300 K; a dashed guide drops from the peak to the speed axis at 500 m/s.number of particles at each speedparticle speed (m/s)025050075010001250neon at 300 K500 m/s
{
 "kind": "mbcurve",
 "curves": [
  {
   "label": "neon at 300 K",
   "vp": 500
  }
 ],
 "xmax": 1250,
 "xticks": [
  0,
  250,
  500,
  750,
  1000,
  1250
 ],
 "guides": [
  {
   "v": 500,
   "label": "500 m/s"
  }
 ],
 "alt": "Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution for neon at 300 K; a dashed guide drops from the peak to the speed axis at 500 m/s."
}

mbcurve — pilot MCQ item (lettered point P on the falling side)

Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution with an open dot labeled P on the curve at 600 m/s, right of the peak.number of particles at each speedparticle speed (m/s)020040060080010001200one gas sample at one temperatureP
{
 "kind": "mbcurve",
 "curves": [
  {
   "label": "one gas sample at one temperature",
   "vp": 400
  }
 ],
 "xmax": 1200,
 "xticks": [
  0,
  200,
  400,
  600,
  800,
  1000,
  1200
 ],
 "points": [
  {
   "v": 600,
   "label": "P"
  }
 ],
 "alt": "Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution with an open dot labeled P on the curve at 600 m/s, right of the peak."
}

mbcurve — pilot gate item (unlabeled area shading)

Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution with the entire region under the curve lightly shaded and unlabeled.number of particles at each speedparticle speed (m/s)020040060080010001200one gas sample at one temperature
{
 "kind": "mbcurve",
 "curves": [
  {
   "label": "one gas sample at one temperature",
   "vp": 400
  }
 ],
 "xmax": 1200,
 "xticks": [
  0,
  200,
  400,
  600,
  800,
  1000,
  1200
 ],
 "shade": true,
 "alt": "Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution with the entire region under the curve lightly shaded and unlabeled."
}

mbcurve — region bracket under the axis (high-speed tail)

Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution with a bracket under the speed axis spanning 600 to 1180 m/s labeled high-speed tail.number of particles at each speedparticle speed (m/s)020040060080010001200N₂ at 300 Khigh-speed tail
{
 "kind": "mbcurve",
 "curves": [
  {
   "label": "N₂ at 300 K",
   "vp": 400
  }
 ],
 "xmax": 1200,
 "xticks": [
  0,
  200,
  400,
  600,
  800,
  1000,
  1200
 ],
 "regions": [
  {
   "v1": 600,
   "v2": 1180,
   "label": "high-speed tail"
  }
 ],
 "alt": "Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution with a bracket under the speed axis spanning 600 to 1180 m/s labeled high-speed tail."
}

mbcurve — two temperatures, one gas (PSM-071 model answer)

Two Maxwell-Boltzmann curves for N2 on one set of axes: the 600 K curve is flatter, shifted toward higher speeds, and equal in area to the 300 K curve.number of particles at each speedparticle speed (m/s)040080012001600N₂ at 300 KN₂ at 600 K
{
 "kind": "mbcurve",
 "curves": [
  {
   "label": "N₂ at 300 K",
   "vp": 400
  },
  {
   "label": "N₂ at 600 K",
   "vp": 560,
   "dy": -14
  }
 ],
 "xmax": 1600,
 "xticks": [
  0,
  400,
  800,
  1200,
  1600
 ],
 "alt": "Two Maxwell-Boltzmann curves for N2 on one set of axes: the 600 K curve is flatter, shifted toward higher speeds, and equal in area to the 300 K curve."
}

mbcurve — two gases, one temperature (PSM-072 model answer)

Maxwell-Boltzmann curves for N2 and He at 300 K: the lighter He curve is shifted toward higher speeds and flatter, with equal area.number of particles at each speedparticle speed (m/s)05001000150020002500N₂ at 300 KHe at 300 K
{
 "kind": "mbcurve",
 "curves": [
  {
   "label": "N₂ at 300 K",
   "vp": 400
  },
  {
   "label": "He at 300 K",
   "vp": 1060,
   "dy": -14
  }
 ],
 "xmax": 2600,
 "xticks": [
  0,
  500,
  1000,
  1500,
  2000,
  2500
 ],
 "alt": "Maxwell-Boltzmann curves for N2 and He at 300 K: the lighter He curve is shifted toward higher speeds and flatter, with equal area."
}

mbcurve — FLAW symmetric (wrong on purpose)

A flawed Maxwell-Boltzmann model: the curve is drawn bell-symmetric about the peak instead of stretching to the right.number of particles at each speedparticle speed (m/s)020040060080010001200N₂ at 300 K
{
 "kind": "mbcurve",
 "flaw": "symmetric",
 "curves": [
  {
   "label": "N₂ at 300 K",
   "vp": 400
  }
 ],
 "xmax": 1200,
 "xticks": [
  0,
  200,
  400,
  600,
  800,
  1000,
  1200
 ],
 "alt": "A flawed Maxwell-Boltzmann model: the curve is drawn bell-symmetric about the peak instead of stretching to the right."
}

mbcurve — FLAW tail-touches-zero-early (wrong on purpose)

A flawed Maxwell-Boltzmann model: the curve slams to zero just past the peak instead of stretching into a long high-speed tail.number of particles at each speedparticle speed (m/s)020040060080010001200N₂ at 300 K
{
 "kind": "mbcurve",
 "flaw": "tail-touches-zero-early",
 "curves": [
  {
   "label": "N₂ at 300 K",
   "vp": 400
  }
 ],
 "xmax": 1200,
 "xticks": [
  0,
  200,
  400,
  600,
  800,
  1000,
  1200
 ],
 "alt": "A flawed Maxwell-Boltzmann model: the curve slams to zero just past the peak instead of stretching into a long high-speed tail."
}

mbcurve — FLAW starts-above-zero (wrong on purpose)

A flawed Maxwell-Boltzmann model: the curve starts well above zero at zero speed, as if many particles were standing still.number of particles at each speedparticle speed (m/s)020040060080010001200N₂ at 300 K
{
 "kind": "mbcurve",
 "flaw": "starts-above-zero",
 "curves": [
  {
   "label": "N₂ at 300 K",
   "vp": 400
  }
 ],
 "xmax": 1200,
 "xticks": [
  0,
  200,
  400,
  600,
  800,
  1000,
  1200
 ],
 "alt": "A flawed Maxwell-Boltzmann model: the curve starts well above zero at zero speed, as if many particles were standing still."
}

mbcurve — FLAW peak-shift-wrong-direction (wrong on purpose)

A flawed two-temperature comparison: the 600 K curve is drawn with its peak at a LOWER speed than the 300 K curve.number of particles at each speedparticle speed (m/s)040080012001600N₂ at 300 KN₂ at 600 K
{
 "kind": "mbcurve",
 "flaw": "peak-shift-wrong-direction",
 "curves": [
  {
   "label": "N₂ at 300 K",
   "vp": 400
  },
  {
   "label": "N₂ at 600 K",
   "vp": 560,
   "dy": -14
  }
 ],
 "xmax": 1600,
 "xticks": [
  0,
  400,
  800,
  1200,
  1600
 ],
 "alt": "A flawed two-temperature comparison: the 600 K curve is drawn with its peak at a LOWER speed than the 300 K curve."
}

gasgraph — P vs V hyperbola (constant T, n)

Pressure versus volume for a fixed amount of gas at constant temperature: a falling inverse-proportion curve.Pressure (atm)Volume (L)
{
 "kind": "gasgraph",
 "relationship": "pv",
 "alt": "Pressure versus volume for a fixed amount of gas at constant temperature: a falling inverse-proportion curve."
}

gasgraph — P vs V with pinned point, guides, data read

Pressure versus volume curve through points A at 4 L and 6 atm and B at 8 L and 3 atm, with dashed guides from B to both axes.Pressure (atm)Volume (L)24681012246810123.0 atm8.0 LAB
{
 "kind": "gasgraph",
 "relationship": "pv",
 "xmax": 12,
 "ymax": 12,
 "through": {
  "x": 4,
  "y": 6
 },
 "xticks": [
  2,
  4,
  6,
  8,
  10,
  12
 ],
 "yticks": [
  2,
  4,
  6,
  8,
  10,
  12
 ],
 "points": [
  {
   "x": 4,
   "y": 6,
   "label": "A"
  },
  {
   "x": 8,
   "y": 3,
   "label": "B"
  }
 ],
 "guides": {
  "x": 8,
  "y": 3,
  "xtext": "8.0 L",
  "ytext": "3.0 atm"
 },
 "alt": "Pressure versus volume curve through points A at 4 L and 6 atm and B at 8 L and 3 atm, with dashed guides from B to both axes."
}

gasgraph — P vs V, second curve at higher T

Two pressure-versus-volume curves for the same gas sample: the 600 K curve sits above the 300 K curve everywhere.Pressure (atm)Volume (L)300 K600 K
{
 "kind": "gasgraph",
 "relationship": "pv",
 "label": "300 K",
 "second": {
  "through": {
   "x": 5,
   "y": 9
  },
  "label": "600 K"
 },
 "alt": "Two pressure-versus-volume curves for the same gas sample: the 600 K curve sits above the 300 K curve everywhere."
}

gasgraph — V vs T through the origin, dashed extrapolation to 0 K

Volume versus Kelvin temperature at constant pressure: a straight line through the origin, solid where data exist and dashed extrapolated back to 0 K.Volume (L)Temperature (K)1002003004000
{
 "kind": "gasgraph",
 "relationship": "vt",
 "extrapolate": true,
 "xmax": 400,
 "solidFrom": 150,
 "xticks": [
  100,
  200,
  300,
  400
 ],
 "alt": "Volume versus Kelvin temperature at constant pressure: a straight line through the origin, solid where data exist and dashed extrapolated back to 0 K."
}

gasgraph — P vs T through the origin

Pressure versus Kelvin temperature at constant volume: a straight line through the origin.Pressure (atm)Temperature (K)2004006000
{
 "kind": "gasgraph",
 "relationship": "pt",
 "xmax": 600,
 "xticks": [
  200,
  400,
  600
 ],
 "alt": "Pressure versus Kelvin temperature at constant volume: a straight line through the origin."
}

gasgraph — V vs n through the origin, with data read

Volume versus moles of gas at constant temperature and pressure: a straight line through the origin, with dashed guides marking 48 L at 2.0 mol.Volume (L)Amount of gas, n (mol)1234255075100048 L2.0 mol
{
 "kind": "gasgraph",
 "relationship": "vn",
 "xmax": 4,
 "ymax": 100,
 "through": {
  "x": 2,
  "y": 48
 },
 "xticks": [
  1,
  2,
  3,
  4
 ],
 "yticks": [
  25,
  50,
  75,
  100
 ],
 "guides": {
  "x": 2,
  "y": 48,
  "xtext": "2.0 mol",
  "ytext": "48 L"
 },
 "alt": "Volume versus moles of gas at constant temperature and pressure: a straight line through the origin, with dashed guides marking 48 L at 2.0 mol."
}

gasgraph — FLAW vt-not-through-origin (wrong on purpose)

A flawed volume-versus-Kelvin-temperature model: the straight line meets the volume axis above zero instead of passing through the origin.Volume (L)Temperature (K)0
{
 "kind": "gasgraph",
 "relationship": "vt",
 "flaw": "vt-not-through-origin",
 "alt": "A flawed volume-versus-Kelvin-temperature model: the straight line meets the volume axis above zero instead of passing through the origin."
}

gasgraph — FLAW pv-straight-line (wrong on purpose)

A flawed pressure-versus-volume model: drawn as a straight falling line instead of an inverse-proportion curve.Pressure (atm)Volume (L)
{
 "kind": "gasgraph",
 "relationship": "pv",
 "flaw": "pv-straight-line",
 "alt": "A flawed pressure-versus-volume model: drawn as a straight falling line instead of an inverse-proportion curve."
}

gasgraph — FLAW curve-wrong-direction (wrong on purpose)

A flawed pressure-versus-volume model: the curve rises with volume instead of falling.Pressure (atm)Volume (L)
{
 "kind": "gasgraph",
 "relationship": "pv",
 "flaw": "curve-wrong-direction",
 "alt": "A flawed pressure-versus-volume model: the curve rises with volume instead of falling."
}

piston — single sealed sample with motion streaks

A closed cylinder with a movable piston; fourteen gas particles with short motion streaks fill the space below the piston.sealed gas sample
{
 "kind": "piston",
 "panels": [
  {
   "label": "sealed gas sample",
   "count": 14,
   "streaks": true
  }
 ],
 "alt": "A closed cylinder with a movable piston; fourteen gas particles with short motion streaks fill the space below the piston."
}

piston — wall-collision emphasis arrows

A gas-filled cylinder with arrows from the particles nearest the left, right, and bottom walls pointing at those walls.particles strike the walls
{
 "kind": "piston",
 "panels": [
  {
   "label": "particles strike the walls",
   "count": 12,
   "collisionArrows": true
  }
 ],
 "alt": "A gas-filled cylinder with arrows from the particles nearest the left, right, and bottom walls pointing at those walls."
}

piston — before/after: volume halved (PSM-073, count constant)

Before and after halving the volume: the same twelve particles in half the space after the piston moves down, with wall-collision arrows emphasized in the smaller volume.beforeaftervolume halved
{
 "kind": "piston",
 "change": "volume halved",
 "panels": [
  {
   "label": "before",
   "count": 12,
   "volumeFrac": 1.0
  },
  {
   "label": "after",
   "count": 12,
   "volumeFrac": 0.5,
   "collisionArrows": true
  }
 ],
 "alt": "Before and after halving the volume: the same twelve particles in half the space after the piston moves down, with wall-collision arrows emphasized in the smaller volume."
}

piston — before/after: temperature increased (fast streaks)

Before and after heating at constant pressure: the same twelve particles with longer motion streaks push the piston up to a larger volume.coolerwarmertemperature increased
{
 "kind": "piston",
 "change": "temperature increased",
 "panels": [
  {
   "label": "cooler",
   "count": 12,
   "volumeFrac": 0.7,
   "streaks": true
  },
  {
   "label": "warmer",
   "count": 12,
   "volumeFrac": 1.0,
   "streaks": "fast"
  }
 ],
 "alt": "Before and after heating at constant pressure: the same twelve particles with longer motion streaks push the piston up to a larger volume."
}

piston — before/after: gas added (gasAdded permits new count)

Before and after adding gas at constant temperature and pressure: twice the particles occupy twice the volume.beforeaftergas added
{
 "kind": "piston",
 "change": "gas added",
 "gasAdded": true,
 "panels": [
  {
   "label": "before",
   "count": 8,
   "volumeFrac": 0.6
  },
  {
   "label": "after",
   "count": 16,
   "volumeFrac": 1.0
  }
 ],
 "alt": "Before and after adding gas at constant temperature and pressure: twice the particles occupy twice the volume."
}

piston — mixture of two gases (Dalton setup, PSM-086–091)

A cylinder holding a mixture: nine shaded N2 particles and three unshaded O2 particles mixed throughout the same space.mixture at one T and VN₂O₂
{
 "kind": "piston",
 "aLabel": "N₂",
 "bLabel": "O₂",
 "panels": [
  {
   "label": "mixture at one T and V",
   "count": 9,
   "countB": 3
  }
 ],
 "alt": "A cylinder holding a mixture: nine shaded N2 particles and three unshaded O2 particles mixed throughout the same space."
}

realgas — dip-then-rise with cause annotations (PSM-092–094)

PV/nRT versus pressure: the ideal gas is a flat dashed line at 1; the CO2 curve dips below 1 where attractions dominate, then rises above 1 where particle volume dominates.PV/nRTPressure1ideal gasCO₂attractions dominateparticle volume dominates
{
 "kind": "realgas",
 "shape": "dip-then-rise",
 "gasLabel": "CO₂",
 "annotations": {
  "dip": "attractions dominate",
  "rise": "particle volume dominates"
 },
 "alt": "PV/nRT versus pressure: the ideal gas is a flat dashed line at 1; the CO2 curve dips below 1 where attractions dominate, then rises above 1 where particle volume dominates."
}

realgas — dip-then-rise, unannotated (answer-neutral)

PV/nRT versus pressure: a real-gas curve that dips below the dashed ideal line at 1 and then rises above it.PV/nRTPressure1ideal gasreal gas
{
 "kind": "realgas",
 "shape": "dip-then-rise",
 "gasLabel": "real gas",
 "alt": "PV/nRT versus pressure: a real-gas curve that dips below the dashed ideal line at 1 and then rises above it."
}

realgas — rise-only (high T / small molecule, PSM-095 contrast)

PV/nRT versus pressure for hydrogen at high temperature: the curve never dips below the dashed ideal line at 1 and rises above it as pressure grows.PV/nRTPressure1ideal gasH₂ at high T
{
 "kind": "realgas",
 "shape": "rise-only",
 "gasLabel": "H₂ at high T",
 "alt": "PV/nRT versus pressure for hydrogen at high temperature: the curve never dips below the dashed ideal line at 1 and rises above it as pressure grows."
}