{
"kind": "imfpair",
"type": "dipole-dipole",
"left": "HCl",
"right": "HCl",
"alt": "Two HCl molecules aligned head to tail, delta plus over each H and delta minus over each Cl, with a dashed attraction between the Cl of one molecule and the H of the other."
}{
"kind": "imfpair",
"type": "dipole-dipole",
"left": "HF",
"right": "HCl",
"alt": "An HF molecule and an HCl molecule aligned so the delta-minus F faces the delta-plus H of HCl, dashed attraction between them."
}{
"kind": "imfpair",
"type": "dipole-dipole",
"left": "HCl",
"right": "HCl",
"showCharges": false,
"alt": "Two HCl molecules aligned head to tail with a dashed attraction between them and no partial-charge labels."
}{
"kind": "imfpair",
"type": "dipole-dipole",
"left": "HCl",
"right": "HCl",
"flaw": "wrong-orientation",
"alt": "Deliberately wrong: the right HCl is flipped so the two delta-minus Cl ends face each other across the dashed line."
}{
"kind": "imfpair",
"type": "dipole-dipole",
"left": "HCl",
"right": "HCl",
"flaw": "attraction-within-molecule",
"alt": "Deliberately wrong: the dashed attraction is drawn alongside the H–Cl covalent bond inside one molecule instead of between the two molecules."
}{
"kind": "imfpair",
"type": "hydrogen-bond",
"left": "H2O",
"right": "H2O",
"alt": "Two water molecules with a dashed hydrogen bond from an H of the left water to the O of the right water; delta plus on the donor H, delta minus on the acceptor O."
}{
"kind": "imfpair",
"type": "hydrogen-bond",
"left": "H2O",
"right": "NH3",
"alt": "A water molecule hydrogen-bonded to ammonia: dashed line from a water H to the N of NH3."
}{
"kind": "imfpair",
"type": "hydrogen-bond",
"left": "HF",
"right": "H2O",
"alt": "HF hydrogen-bonded to water: dashed line from the H of HF to the O of the water."
}{
"kind": "imfpair",
"type": "hydrogen-bond",
"left": "H2O",
"right": "H2O",
"flaw": "wrong-orientation",
"alt": "Deliberately wrong: the acceptor water is flipped so its H, not its O, faces the donor H across the dashed line."
}{
"kind": "imfpair",
"type": "hydrogen-bond",
"left": "H2O",
"right": "H2O",
"flaw": "attraction-within-molecule",
"alt": "Deliberately wrong: the dashed line is drawn alongside an O–H covalent bond inside the left water instead of between the two molecules."
}{
"kind": "imfpair",
"type": "ion-dipole",
"left": "Na+",
"right": "H2O",
"alt": "A sodium ion with a water molecule oriented so its delta-minus O end points at the ion; dashed attraction between them."
}{
"kind": "imfpair",
"type": "ion-dipole",
"left": "Cl-",
"right": "H2O",
"alt": "A chloride ion with a water molecule oriented so one delta-plus H points at the ion; dashed attraction between them."
}{
"kind": "imfpair",
"type": "ion-dipole",
"left": "Na+",
"right": "H2O",
"flaw": "wrong-orientation",
"alt": "Deliberately wrong: the water is flipped so an H points at the sodium cation instead of the O."
}{
"kind": "imfpair",
"type": "ion-dipole",
"left": "K+",
"right": "H2O",
"flaw": "attraction-within-molecule",
"alt": "Deliberately wrong: the dashed line is drawn alongside an O–H bond inside the water instead of between the ion and the water."
}{
"kind": "imfpair",
"type": "ldf",
"left": "I2",
"right": "I2",
"alt": "Two I2 molecules, each inside an electron cloud shifted to the same side: the left cloud's momentary delta-minus side faces the right molecule's induced delta-plus side, dashed attraction between the clouds."
}{
"kind": "imfpair",
"type": "ldf",
"left": "Ne",
"right": "Ne",
"alt": "Two neon atoms with momentarily distorted electron clouds: an instantaneous dipole on the left atom induces a dipole in the right atom; dashed attraction between them."
}{
"kind": "imfpair",
"type": "ldf",
"left": "CH4",
"right": "CH4",
"alt": "Two methane molecules with distorted electron clouds showing an instantaneous dipole inducing a dipole in the neighbour."
}{
"kind": "imfpair",
"type": "ldf",
"left": "I2",
"right": "I2",
"flaw": "wrong-orientation",
"alt": "Deliberately wrong: the right cloud is distorted toward the left molecule, so the two delta-minus cloud ends face each other."
}{
"kind": "imfpair",
"type": "ldf",
"left": "I2",
"right": "I2",
"flaw": "attraction-within-molecule",
"alt": "Deliberately wrong: the dashed line is drawn alongside the I–I covalent bond instead of between the two molecules."
}{
"kind": "ecloud",
"clouds": [
{
"label": "Ne",
"size": "small"
}
],
"alt": "A neon atom drawn as a nucleus dot inside a symmetric shaded electron cloud."
}{
"kind": "ecloud",
"clouds": [
{
"label": "F₂",
"size": "small",
"nuclei": 2
},
{
"label": "I₂",
"size": "large",
"nuclei": 2
}
],
"alt": "Side by side to one scale: the small electron cloud of F2 and the much larger electron cloud of I2, each with two nucleus dots."
}{
"kind": "ecloud",
"clouds": [
{
"label": "Ar, on average",
"size": "small"
},
{
"label": "Ar, an instant later",
"size": "small",
"distorted": true
}
],
"alt": "Two argon atoms: the left cloud is centred on its nucleus; the right cloud has slipped to one side, leaving delta minus where the cloud piled up and delta plus behind it."
}{
"kind": "ecloud",
"clouds": [
{
"label": "I₂",
"size": "large",
"distorted": true,
"shift": "left",
"nuclei": 2
}
],
"showCharges": false,
"alt": "A large I2 electron cloud distorted toward the left with no charge labels."
}{
"kind": "statesbox",
"phase": "solid",
"label": "solid",
"alt": "A box of particles in an ordered, touching lattice, labelled solid."
}{
"kind": "statesbox",
"phase": "liquid",
"label": "liquid",
"alt": "A box of touching but disordered particles, labelled liquid."
}{
"kind": "statesbox",
"phase": "gas",
"label": "gas",
"alt": "A box of widely separated particles, each with a motion arrow, labelled gas."
}{
"kind": "statesbox",
"phase": "gas",
"motionArrows": false,
"alt": "A box of widely separated particles with no motion arrows."
}{
"kind": "statesbox",
"panels": [
{
"phase": "solid",
"label": "solid"
},
{
"phase": "liquid",
"label": "liquid"
},
{
"phase": "gas",
"label": "gas"
}
],
"alt": "Three particle boxes for one substance: ordered touching particles (solid), disordered touching particles (liquid), and widely separated moving particles (gas)."
}{
"kind": "statesbox",
"arrow": true,
"panels": [
{
"phase": "solid",
"label": "before"
},
{
"phase": "liquid",
"label": "after melting"
}
],
"alt": "Two particle boxes joined by an arrow: an ordered touching lattice before, disordered touching particles after melting."
}{
"kind": "statesbox",
"phase": "gas",
"label": "gas",
"flaw": "gas-particles-touching",
"alt": "Deliberately wrong: a box labelled gas whose particles sit in a touching clump instead of far apart."
}{
"kind": "statesbox",
"phase": "liquid",
"label": "liquid",
"flaw": "liquid-lattice",
"alt": "Deliberately wrong: a box labelled liquid whose particles form a perfectly ordered lattice."
}{
"kind": "statesbox",
"phase": "solid",
"label": "solid",
"flaw": "solid-spaced",
"alt": "Deliberately wrong: a box labelled solid whose particles are spread out with gas-like spacing."
}{
"kind": "dissolution",
"cation": "Na+",
"anion": "Cl-",
"alt": "Dissolved NaCl: a sodium ion surrounded by waters with their O ends inward, and a chloride ion surrounded by waters with their H ends inward."
}{
"kind": "dissolution",
"show": "cation",
"waters": 6,
"cation": "Na+",
"alt": "A sodium ion surrounded by six waters, each O end pointing at the ion."
}{
"kind": "dissolution",
"show": "anion",
"anion": "Cl-",
"alt": "A chloride ion surrounded by waters, each with an H end pointing at the ion."
}{
"kind": "dissolution",
"beforeAfter": true,
"cation": "Na+",
"anion": "Cl-",
"alt": "Left: an undissolved NaCl lattice fragment labelled solid. Right, after the arrow: separated Na and Cl ions each surrounded by oriented waters, labelled dissolved."
}{
"kind": "dissolution",
"flaw": "water-backwards",
"cation": "Na+",
"anion": "Cl-",
"alt": "Deliberately wrong: the waters are flipped, H ends toward the cation and O ends toward the anion."
}{
"kind": "dissolution",
"flaw": "intact-pairs",
"cation": "Na+",
"anion": "Cl-",
"alt": "Deliberately wrong: NaCl floats as intact bonded ion pairs with waters scattered around them instead of separated hydrated ions."
}{
"kind": "dissolution",
"flaw": "solute-clumped",
"cation": "Na+",
"anion": "Cl-",
"alt": "Deliberately wrong: the ions sit in one undissolved clump with the waters far away instead of surrounding each ion."
}{
"kind": "dissolution",
"solute": "molecular",
"molecule": "I2",
"alt": "A molecular solute dissolved: intact I2 molecules dispersed among water molecules."
}{
"kind": "dissolution",
"solute": "molecular",
"molecule": "I2",
"flaw": "solute-clumped",
"alt": "Deliberately wrong: the I2 molecules sit in one clump with the waters far away instead of dispersed among them."
}{
"kind": "covalentnetwork",
"element": "C",
"alt": "A section of a covalent network: carbon atoms joined by covalent bonds into a continuous hexagonal net."
}{
"kind": "covalentnetwork",
"element": "SiO2",
"alt": "A simplified two-dimensional section of a covalent network of alternating Si and O atoms joined by covalent bonds."
}{
"kind": "covalentnetwork",
"element": "Si",
"rows": 2,
"cols": 5,
"alt": "A small section of a silicon covalent network."
}{
"kind": "molecularlattice",
"molecule": "I2",
"alt": "Discrete I2 molecules packed in a regular lattice with clear gaps between neighbouring molecules."
}{
"kind": "molecularlattice",
"molecule": "Br2",
"rows": 2,
"cols": 4,
"alt": "Discrete Br2 molecules packed in two offset rows with clear gaps between molecules."
}