{
"kind": "u4macro",
"panels": [
{
"scene": "dish-water",
"caption": "Day 1: 50 g of water",
"labels": [
"H₂O"
]
},
{
"scene": "dish-empty-vapor",
"caption": "Day 8: the dish is empty",
"labels": [
"H₂O"
]
}
],
"alt": "Two panels. Left: an open dish holding water, labelled H₂O. Right: the same dish empty, with vapor drawn above it in the room's air, also labelled H₂O."
}{
"kind": "u4macro",
"panels": [
{
"scene": "electrolysis",
"caption": "Current through water",
"labels": [
"hydrogen, 20 mL",
"oxygen, 10 mL"
]
}
],
"alt": "A dish of water with two wires dipped in. Above each wire, an upside-down tube collects gas: 20 mL of hydrogen above one wire, 10 mL of oxygen above the other."
}{
"kind": "u4macro",
"panels": [
{
"scene": "beaker-precipitate",
"caption": "The moment the solutions mix",
"labels": [
"yellow solid"
]
}
],
"alt": "A beaker of clear liquid with a bright yellow solid sinking through it and collecting at the bottom."
}{
"kind": "u4macro",
"panels": [
{
"scene": "beaker-precipitate",
"caption": "The yellow belongs to the new solid",
"labels": [
"a new substance owns the color"
]
}
],
"alt": "The beaker from the previous lesson, with the yellow solid at the bottom labelled as a new substance that owns the yellow color."
}{
"kind": "u4particulate",
"arrow": false,
"panels": [
{
"caption": "before",
"species": [
{
"formula": "CH₄",
"count": 1
},
{
"formula": "O₂",
"count": 2
}
],
"phase": "gas",
"attractions": false
},
{
"caption": "after",
"species": [
{
"formula": "CO₂",
"count": 1
},
{
"formula": "H₂O",
"count": 2
}
],
"phase": "gas",
"attractions": false
}
],
"alt": "Two labelled panels. Before: one CH₄ molecule and two O₂ molecules, each atom joined by solid bond lines. After: one CO₂ molecule and two H₂O molecules, drawn with solid bond lines. The same atoms appear in both panels, joined differently."
}{
"kind": "u4particulate",
"arrow": false,
"panels": [
{
"caption": "liquid water",
"species": [
{
"formula": "H₂O",
"count": 5
}
],
"phase": "liquid",
"attractions": true
},
{
"caption": "water vapor",
"species": [
{
"formula": "H₂O",
"count": 3
}
],
"phase": "gas",
"attractions": false
}
],
"alt": "Two labelled panels. Liquid water: H₂O molecules drawn close together, solid lines for the O–H bonds inside each molecule, dashed lines for the attractions between neighboring molecules. Water vapor: the same whole H₂O molecules far apart, with no dashed lines."
}{
"kind": "u4dissolve",
"arrow": false,
"panels": [
{
"caption": "before",
"lattice": {
"cation": "Na⁺",
"anion": "Cl⁻"
}
},
{
"caption": "after",
"hydrated": [
{
"ion": "Na⁺",
"waters": 4
},
{
"ion": "Cl⁻",
"waters": 4
}
]
}
],
"alt": "Two labelled panels. Before: a fragment of the NaCl lattice, alternating Na plus and Cl minus ions joined by solid lines. After: one Na plus ion and one Cl minus ion, each surrounded by water molecules, with dashed lines from each ion to the water molecules for the ion-dipole attractions."
}{
"kind": "u4dissolve",
"arrow": false,
"panels": [
{
"caption": "before",
"lattice": {
"cation": "K⁺",
"anion": "Cl⁻"
}
},
{
"caption": "after",
"hydrated": [
{
"ion": "K⁺",
"waters": 4
},
{
"ion": "Cl⁻",
"waters": 4
}
]
}
],
"alt": "Two labelled panels. Before: a fragment of the KCl lattice, alternating K plus and Cl minus ions joined by solid lines. After: one K plus ion and one Cl minus ion, each surrounded by water molecules, with dashed lines from each ion to the water molecules."
}{
"kind": "u4particulate",
"arrow": false,
"panels": [
{
"caption": "before",
"species": [
{
"formula": "Mg",
"count": 2
},
{
"formula": "O₂",
"count": 1
}
],
"phase": "gas",
"attractions": false
},
{
"caption": "after",
"species": [
{
"formula": "MgO",
"count": 2,
"unitLabel": "one formula unit of MgO"
}
],
"phase": "solid",
"attractions": false
}
],
"alt": "Two labelled panels. Before: two separate Mg atoms and one O₂ molecule drawn with a solid bond line. After: two pairs of Mg and O joined by solid lines, each pair labelled as one formula unit of MgO."
}{
"kind": "u4particulate",
"arrow": true,
"panels": [
{
"caption": "reactants",
"species": [
{
"formula": "CH₄",
"count": 1
},
{
"formula": "O₂",
"count": 2
}
],
"phase": "gas",
"attractions": false,
"track": "C"
},
{
"caption": "products",
"species": [
{
"formula": "CO₂",
"count": 1
},
{
"formula": "H₂O",
"count": 2
}
],
"phase": "gas",
"attractions": false,
"track": "C"
}
],
"alt": "Particle drawing of CH₄ and two O₂ molecules turning into CO₂ and two H₂O molecules, with an arrow between the panels. The carbon atom is shaded in both panels so the eye can follow it from the methane into the carbon dioxide. All atoms joined by solid bond lines."
}{
"kind": "u4macro",
"panels": [
{
"scene": "dry-ice-plate",
"caption": "A 10 g block of dry ice",
"labels": [
"CO₂"
]
},
{
"scene": "plate-empty",
"caption": "An hour later",
"labels": [
"the plate is dry"
]
}
],
"alt": "Two panels. Left: a block of dry ice on a plate, labelled CO₂, with a little vapor around it. Right: the same plate, empty and dry."
}{
"kind": "ionbeaker",
"panels": [
{
"title": "sodium chloride, dissolved",
"free": [
{
"sym": "Na⁺",
"n": 3
},
{
"sym": "Cl⁻",
"n": 3
}
],
"lump": null
},
{
"title": "silver chloride, solid",
"free": [],
"lump": {
"sym": "AgCl(s)"
}
}
],
"alt": "Two beaker panels. The panel titled sodium chloride, dissolved shows three Na⁺ symbols and three Cl⁻ symbols scattered separately through the liquid. The panel titled silver chloride, solid shows one solid lump at the beaker floor labeled AgCl(s), with nothing scattered in the liquid."
}{
"kind": "ionbeaker",
"panels": [
{
"title": "before",
"free": [
{
"sym": "Ag⁺",
"n": 2
},
{
"sym": "Cl⁻",
"n": 2
},
{
"sym": "Na⁺",
"n": 2
},
{
"sym": "NO₃⁻",
"n": 2
}
],
"lump": null
},
{
"title": "after",
"free": [
{
"sym": "Na⁺",
"n": 2
},
{
"sym": "NO₃⁻",
"n": 2
}
],
"lump": {
"sym": "AgCl(s)"
}
}
],
"alt": "Two beaker panels. The panel titled before shows free Ag⁺, Cl⁻, Na⁺, and NO₃⁻ ion symbols scattered through the liquid, two of each. The panel titled after shows the same free Na⁺ and NO₃⁻ symbols in the same style, and a solid lump at the beaker floor labeled AgCl(s); no free Ag⁺ or Cl⁻ remains."
}{
"kind": "particlebox",
"panels": [
{
"title": "Before",
"species": [
{
"formula": "H₂",
"count": 2,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "H",
"n": 2
}
]
},
{
"formula": "O₂",
"count": 1,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "O",
"n": 2
}
]
}
]
},
{
"title": "After",
"species": [
{
"formula": "H₂O",
"count": 2,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "O",
"n": 1
},
{
"sym": "H",
"n": 2
}
]
}
]
}
],
"alt": "Two boxes joined by an arrow. The box titled Before shows two units of two small touching circles labeled H₂ and one unit of two large touching circles labeled O₂. The box titled After shows two units labeled H₂O, each one large circle with two small circles touching it."
}{
"kind": "particleoptions",
"shared": {
"title": "Before",
"species": [
{
"formula": "H₂",
"count": 3,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "H",
"n": 2
}
]
},
{
"formula": "Cl₂",
"count": 3,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "Cl",
"n": 2
}
]
}
]
},
"options": [
{
"label": "A",
"panel": {
"title": "After",
"species": [
{
"formula": "HCl",
"count": 3,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "H",
"n": 1
},
{
"sym": "Cl",
"n": 1
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
"label": "B",
"panel": {
"title": "After",
"species": [
{
"formula": "HCl",
"count": 6,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "H",
"n": 1
},
{
"sym": "Cl",
"n": 1
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
"label": "C",
"panel": {
"title": "After",
"species": [
{
"formula": "H",
"count": 6,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "H",
"n": 1
}
]
},
{
"formula": "Cl",
"count": 6,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "Cl",
"n": 1
}
]
}
]
}
},
{
"label": "D",
"panel": {
"title": "After",
"species": [
{
"formula": "H₂",
"count": 3,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "H",
"n": 2
}
]
},
{
"formula": "Cl₂",
"count": 3,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "Cl",
"n": 2
}
]
}
]
}
}
],
"alt": "A shared box titled Before shows three units of two touching small circles labeled H₂ and three units of two touching large circles labeled Cl₂. Four candidate After boxes follow. Drawing A shows three touching pairs labeled HCl. Drawing B shows six touching pairs labeled HCl. Drawing C shows six lone small circles labeled H and six lone large circles labeled Cl. Drawing D shows three units labeled H₂ and three units labeled Cl₂."
}{
"kind": "particlebox",
"panels": [
{
"title": "fluorine gas",
"species": [
{
"formula": "F₂",
"count": 4,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "F",
"n": 2
}
]
}
]
}
],
"alt": "One box titled fluorine gas showing four units, each of two touching circles, labeled F₂."
}{
"kind": "particlebox",
"panels": [
{
"title": "Before",
"species": [
{
"formula": "N₂",
"count": 1,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "N",
"n": 2
}
]
},
{
"formula": "O₂",
"count": 2,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "O",
"n": 2
}
]
}
]
},
{
"title": "After",
"species": [
{
"formula": "NO₂",
"count": 2,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "N",
"n": 1
},
{
"sym": "O",
"n": 2
}
]
}
]
}
],
"alt": "Two boxes joined by an arrow. The box titled Before shows one unit of two touching circles labeled N₂ and two units of two touching circles labeled O₂. The box titled After shows two units labeled NO₂, each one N circle with two O circles touching it."
}{
"kind": "particlebox",
"panels": [
{
"title": "Before",
"species": [
{
"formula": "N₂",
"count": 2,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "N",
"n": 2
}
]
},
{
"formula": "H₂",
"count": 6,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "H",
"n": 2
}
]
}
]
},
{
"title": "After",
"species": [
{
"formula": "NH₃",
"count": 4,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "N",
"n": 1
},
{
"sym": "H",
"n": 3
}
]
}
]
}
],
"alt": "Two boxes joined by an arrow. The box titled Before shows two units of two touching large circles labeled N₂ and six units of two touching small circles labeled H₂. The box titled After shows four units labeled NH₃, each one large circle with three small circles touching it."
}{
"kind": "particlebox",
"panels": [
{
"title": "Before",
"packing": "close",
"species": [
{
"formula": "H₂O",
"count": 5,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "O",
"n": 1
},
{
"sym": "H",
"n": 2
}
]
}
]
},
{
"title": "After",
"packing": "spread",
"species": [
{
"formula": "H₂O",
"count": 5,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "O",
"n": 1
},
{
"sym": "H",
"n": 2
}
]
}
]
}
],
"alt": "Two boxes joined by an arrow. The box titled Before shows five units labeled H₂O packed close together near the bottom. The box titled After shows the same five units labeled H₂O spread far apart through the whole box."
}{
"kind": "particlebox",
"panels": [
{
"title": "Before",
"species": [
{
"formula": "H₂O₂",
"count": 4,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "O",
"n": 2
},
{
"sym": "H",
"n": 2
}
]
}
]
},
{
"title": "After",
"species": [
{
"formula": "H₂O",
"count": 4,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "O",
"n": 1
},
{
"sym": "H",
"n": 2
}
]
},
{
"formula": "O₂",
"count": 2,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "O",
"n": 2
}
]
}
]
}
],
"alt": "Two boxes joined by an arrow. The box titled Before shows four units labeled H₂O₂, each two large touching circles with one small circle on each end. The box titled After shows four units labeled H₂O and two units of two touching large circles labeled O₂."
}{
"kind": "particlebox",
"panels": [
{
"title": "Before",
"species": [
{
"formula": "SO₂",
"count": 4,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "S",
"n": 1
},
{
"sym": "O",
"n": 2
}
]
},
{
"formula": "O₂",
"count": 2,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "O",
"n": 2
}
]
}
]
},
{
"title": "After",
"species": [
{
"formula": "SO₃",
"count": 4,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "S",
"n": 1
},
{
"sym": "O",
"n": 3
}
]
}
]
}
],
"alt": "Two boxes joined by an arrow. The box titled Before shows four units labeled SO₂, each one large circle with two small circles touching it, and two units of two touching small circles labeled O₂. The box titled After shows four units labeled SO₃, each one large circle with three small circles touching it."
}{
"kind": "particlebox",
"panels": [
{
"title": "Before",
"packing": "close",
"species": [
{
"formula": "Br₂",
"count": 5,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "Br",
"n": 2
}
]
}
]
},
{
"title": "After",
"packing": "spread",
"species": [
{
"formula": "Br₂",
"count": 5,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "Br",
"n": 2
}
]
}
]
}
],
"alt": "Two boxes joined by an arrow. The box titled Before shows five units of two touching circles labeled Br₂ packed close together near the bottom. The box titled After shows the same five units labeled Br₂ spread far apart through the whole box."
}{
"kind": "particlebox",
"flaw": "joined-ion-pairs",
"panels": [
{
"title": "sodium chloride dissolved in water",
"species": [
{
"formula": "NaCl",
"count": 4,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "Na",
"n": 1
},
{
"sym": "Cl",
"n": 1
}
]
},
{
"formula": "H₂O",
"count": 6,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "O",
"n": 1
},
{
"sym": "H",
"n": 2
}
]
}
]
}
],
"alt": "One box titled sodium chloride dissolved in water. Four joined pairs, each one Na circle touching one Cl circle, float among six units labeled H₂O."
}{
"kind": "particlebox",
"flaw": "atoms-not-conserved",
"panels": [
{
"title": "Before",
"species": [
{
"formula": "F₂",
"count": 2,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "F",
"n": 2
}
]
},
{
"formula": "H₂",
"count": 2,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "H",
"n": 2
}
]
}
]
},
{
"title": "After",
"species": [
{
"formula": "HF",
"count": 3,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "H",
"n": 1
},
{
"sym": "F",
"n": 1
}
]
}
]
}
],
"alt": "Two boxes joined by an arrow. The box titled Before shows two units of two touching circles labeled F₂ and two units of two touching circles labeled H₂. The box titled After shows three joined pairs labeled HF."
}{
"kind": "particlebox",
"flaw": "separated-atoms",
"panels": [
{
"title": "oxygen gas",
"species": [
{
"formula": "O",
"count": 6,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "O",
"n": 1
}
]
}
]
}
],
"alt": "One box titled oxygen gas showing six lone circles, each labeled O, none touching another."
}{
"kind": "particlebox",
"flaw": "joined-ion-pairs",
"panels": [
{
"title": "potassium bromide dissolved in water",
"species": [
{
"formula": "KBr",
"count": 4,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "K",
"n": 1
},
{
"sym": "Br",
"n": 1
}
]
},
{
"formula": "H₂O",
"count": 6,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "O",
"n": 1
},
{
"sym": "H",
"n": 2
}
]
}
]
}
],
"alt": "One box titled potassium bromide dissolved in water. Four joined pairs, each one K circle touching one Br circle, float among six units labeled H₂O."
}{
"kind": "particlebox",
"panels": [
{
"title": "sodium fluoride dissolved in water",
"species": [
{
"formula": "Na⁺",
"count": 3,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "Na",
"n": 1
}
]
},
{
"formula": "F⁻",
"count": 3,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "F",
"n": 1
}
]
},
{
"formula": "H₂O",
"count": 6,
"atoms": [
{
"sym": "O",
"n": 1
},
{
"sym": "H",
"n": 2
}
]
}
]
}
],
"alt": "One box titled sodium fluoride dissolved in water. Three lone circles labeled Na⁺ and three lone circles labeled F⁻ float separately among six units labeled H₂O."
}// spec entry is kind:TODO; adapted params below
{
"kind": "candlejar",
"panels": [
{
"label": "just covered",
"flame": "lit"
},
{
"label": "a minute later",
"flame": "guttering"
},
{
"label": "flame out — wax left",
"flame": "out"
}
],
"inset": {
"panel": 3,
"show": "no O₂ left in the trapped air"
},
"alt": "Three panels in identical frames. First: a lit candle under an upturned jar. Second: the same candle with a small guttering flame. Third: the flame is out and plenty of wax remains. A magnifier inset on the third panel shows the trapped air holding only N₂ molecules — no O₂ is left."
}// spec entry is kind:TODO; adapted params below
{
"kind": "particleboxes",
"boxes": [
{
"label": "before",
"species": [
{
"formula": "CO",
"count": 4
},
{
"formula": "O₂",
"count": 3
}
]
},
{
"label": "after",
"species": [
{
"formula": "CO₂",
"count": 4
},
{
"formula": "O₂",
"count": 1
}
]
}
],
"circle": null,
"alt": "Two boxes joined by an arrow. The box labeled before shows four CO units and three O₂ units. The box labeled after shows four CO₂ units and one O₂ unit left over."
}// spec entry is kind:TODO; adapted params below
{
"kind": "particleboxes",
"boxes": [
{
"label": "after",
"species": [
{
"formula": "CO₂",
"count": 4
},
{
"formula": "O₂",
"count": 1
}
]
}
],
"circle": {
"box": 1,
"formula": "O₂"
},
"circleLabel": "the excess that remains",
"alt": "One box labeled after showing four CO₂ units and one O₂ unit. The single O₂ unit is circled, and the caption under the box reads: the excess that remains."
}// spec entry is kind:TODO; adapted params below
{
"kind": "gassyringe",
"flask": {
"solid": "Mg ribbon",
"solution": "HCl(aq)"
},
"syringe": {
"V": "0.25 L",
"T": "298 K",
"P": "2.0 atm"
},
"alt": "A stoppered flask holding a zigzag Mg ribbon standing in HCl solution. A tube leads from the flask to a gas syringe above, whose reading is labeled 0.25 L, 298 K, 2.0 atm."
}// spec entry is kind:TODO; adapted params below
{
"kind": "buretflask",
"buretContents": "0.100 M NaOH",
"flaskContents": "20.0 mL HCl sample",
"alt": "A buret held above a conical flask. The buret, its valve, and the flask are labeled. The buret holds 0.100 M NaOH; the flask holds a 20.0 mL HCl sample."
}// spec entry is kind:TODO; adapted params below
{
"kind": "flaskpanels",
"panels": [
{
"label": "before",
"caption": "HCl left over"
},
{
"label": "the exact moment",
"caption": "neither left over"
},
{
"label": "past it",
"caption": "NaOH extra"
}
],
"alt": "Three identical conical flasks side by side. The first is captioned before: HCl left over. The second is captioned the exact moment: neither left over. The third is captioned past it: NaOH extra."
}// spec entry is kind:TODO; adapted params below
{
"kind": "labscene",
"scene": "rod-smoke",
"labels": [
"hydrochloric acid",
"ammonia solution",
"white smoke"
],
"alt": "Two glass rods held close together, tips apart. A drop on the left rod is labeled hydrochloric acid; a drop on the right rod is labeled ammonia solution. A ring of white smoke hangs in the air between the two tips."
}// spec entry is kind:TODO; adapted params below
{
"kind": "labscene",
"scene": "wire-in-beaker",
"labels": [
"copper wire",
"crystals on the wire",
"turning pale blue"
],
"alt": "A beaker of solution with a copper wire coil standing in it. Small crystals sit on the wire, labeled crystals on the wire. The liquid is labeled turning pale blue."
}// spec entry is kind:TODO; adapted params below
{
"kind": "labscene",
"scene": "pour-mix",
"labels": [
"potassium iodide solution",
"lead(II) nitrate solution",
"yellow solid"
],
"alt": "Two small beakers pour into one larger beaker: one labeled potassium iodide solution, the other labeled lead(II) nitrate solution. In the large beaker a solid collects at the bottom, labeled yellow solid."
}// spec entry is kind:TODO; adapted params below
{
"kind": "waterroles",
"panels": [
{
"caption": "release H⁺",
"shows": "OH⁻"
},
{
"caption": "bind H⁺",
"shows": "H₃O⁺"
}
],
"alt": "One water molecule drawn large, its two lone pairs shown as paired dots and one polar O–H bond labelled. Beside it sit two outcome panels: the panel captioned release H⁺ shows the leftover OH⁻; the panel captioned bind H⁺ shows the built H₃O⁺."
}